In contrast to the previous studies, the rotational speed of the turbine is not fixed, the rotation of the turbine is determined by the dynamic interaction between the fluctuating wind and turbine. The present work deals with an investigation of the self-starting aerodynamic characteristics of VAWT under fluctuating wind. Apart from their aerodynamic traits, a few aspects of their wing morphing techniques and their evolutionary hereditary traits are also being highlighted. Maneuverability and enhanced aerodynamic optimality could be the outset of extreme sustainability measures with these birds paving the way with their evolutionary flight measures. These birds have demonstrated a wide range of aerodynamic traits which if mimicked to near perfection could pave the way for new-age drones. ![]() From the hummingbird's aerodynamics to its hovering techniques all of its main features are being highlighted. This review also highlights the aerodynamics of flapping specifically of the hummingbird. These works when combined with compliant mechanisms can help improve roll and yaw control of a UAV along with drag reduction. The traits discussed are being used to design mechanical control surfaces and wingtips that resemble the eagle's slotted wings and control surfaces. This work acts as a base for current and future works involving slotted wingtips and bionic control surfaces. ![]() The aim is to highlight the bio-mimicable traits of an eagle which can be incorporated into bionic UAVs. Apart from this, few aspects of the eagle's wing morphing techniques, its aerofoil, and its aerodynamic stability are also being highlighted. This review tends to shed light on the eagle's aerodynamic attributes along with its inbuilt structural control surfaces that facilitate its high maneuverability. The conclusions of this research are able to help understand the wing arrangement of birds and bats issued from natural selection, and also support the future design of flapping wing micro-aerial-vehicles. To discuss the lift variation of the foldable flapping wing, pressure distribution and vorticity of the flow field at certain time points were provided corresponding to the instantaneous lift curves. In addition, when changing the dihedral, the maximum time-averaged lift was obtained when the inner wing dihedral was equal to zero. As a result, when modifying the inner/outer wing proportion without changing the total wing shape and area, the maximum time-averaged lift appears in the case of the inner wing occupying half of the semi-span. Based on the CFD results, the tendency and work point regarding maximum lift generation can be found by changing both of the variables. ![]() ![]() In this study, the structure parameters of the flapping mechanism remain unchanged across all simulations. The employed flapping mechanism is based on previous work. In this work, we use a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to comprehend how the two wing arrangement variables, i.e., inner/outer wing proportion and mid-stroke dihedral, affect the lift characteristic of a bat-inspired span foldable flapping wing.
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